Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher.Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra and algorithms.Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy, considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist" Īhli Matematik Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies.Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer.Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science.Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography.Maklumat selanjutnya: Muslim Agricultural Revolution Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report.Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia.Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist pioneer of microfinance.Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist pioneer of microcredit.Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology and economics.Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist" and father of Indology.Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d.990), one of the earliest historians of science Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar.Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar.Lihat juga: List of Muslim historians dan Historiography of early Islam Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture.Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease.Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology.Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), pioneer of neuropsychiatry, thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness.Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time.Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception.Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery.Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology.Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies.Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health, medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine.Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology.Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy.
Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation.Maklumat selanjutnya: Islamic psychological thought Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer.